A short-lived but important movement in American modernism was called Synchromism. It helped American abstract painting become appreciated internationally.
(1886-1953). Their abstract "synchromies," based on an approach to
painting that analogized color to music, were among the first abstract
paintings in American art. Though it was short-lived and did not attract
many adherents, Synchromism became the first American avant-garde art
movement to receive international attention.
One of the difficulties inherent in describing Synchromism as a
coherent style is connected to the fact that some Synchromist works are
purely abstract while others include representational imagery.
%2Bc1914-17.jpg)
Synchromism was developed by Stanton MacDonald-Wright and Morgan
Russell while they were studying in Paris during the early 1910s.
[6] From 1911 to 1913, they studied under the Canadian painter
Percyval Tudor-Hart, whose color theory connected qualities of color to qualities of music, such as
tone to
hue and
intensity to
saturation.
[7] Also influential upon MacDonald-Wright and Russell were the paintings of the
Impressionists, Cézanne, and Matisse, which heavily emphasized color over drawing.
[8] Russell coined the term "Synchromism" in 1912, in an express attempt to convey the linkage of painting and music.

The first Synchromist painting, Russell's
Synchromy in Green, exhibited at the
Paris Salon des Indépendants in 1913. Later that year, the first Synchromist exhibition by Macdonald-Wright and Russell was shown in Munich.
[9]
Exhibitions followed in Paris in October 1913 and in New York in March
1914. Macdonald-Wright moved back to the United States in 1914, but he
and Russell continued separately to paint abstract synchromies.
[10] Synchromism remained influential among artists well into the 1920s, though its purely abstract period was relatively brief.
[11]
Many synchromies of the late 1910s and 1920s contain representational
elements. At no time, though, did Macdonald-Wright or Russell achieve
the level of critical or commercial success they had hoped for when they
introduced Synchromism to the United States. It was not until after
Russell's death and late in Macdonald-Wright's life that extensive
museum and scholarly attention was paid to their highly original
achievements. Other American painters who experimented with Synchromism
include
Thomas Hart Benton,
Andrew Dasburg,
Patrick Henry Bruce, and
Albert Henry Krehbiel.
[12]

The earliest extended discussion of Synchromism appeared in the book
Modern Painting: Its Tendency and Meaning
(1915) by Willard Huntington Wright. Wright was a literary editor and
art critic and the brother of Stanton Macdonald-Wright, and the book was
secretly co-authored by Stanton. It surveyed the major modern art
movements from Manet to Cubism, praised the work of Cézanne (at the time
relatively unknown in the United States), denigrated "lesser Moderns"
such as Kandinsky and the Futurists (and, of course, the Orphists), and
predicted a coming age in which color abstraction would supplant
representational art. Synchromism is presented in the book as the
culminating point in the evolution of modernism. Willard Huntington
Wright never acknowledged that he was writing about his own brother's
work.
[13]


Three other extended treatments of Synchromism can be found in the
catalogue by Gail Levin that accompanied a major traveling exhibition
organized the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1978,
Synchromism and American Color Abstraction, 1910-1925, in Marilyn Kushner's catalogue for a 1990 Morgan Russell retrospective at the Montclair Museum, and in
Color, Myth, and Music: Stanton Macdonald-Wright and Synchromism
by Will South, a catalogue-biography published in conjunction with a
three-museum exhibition of the artist's work in 2001. Levin and South
are the two art historians most responsible for
attracting scholarly and
public attention to Synchromism, a movement that has often occupied a
minor place in twentieth-century art-history textbooks.

Synchromism is based on the idea that
color and
sound are similar phenomena and that the colors in a
painting can be orchestrated in the same harmonious way that a
composer arranges
notes in a
symphony.
[2] Macdonald-Wright and Russell believed that, by painting in color
scales, their visual work could evoke the same complex sensations as
music. As Macdonald-Wright said,"Synchromism simply means 'with color' as symphony means 'with sound.'"
[3] The phenomenon of "hearing" a color or the pairing of two or more senses--
synesthesia—was also central to the work of
Wassily Kandinsky, who was developing his own synesthetic paintings, or "compositions," in Europe at approximately the same time.
The
abstract
"synchromies" are based on color scales, using rhythmic color forms
with advancing and reducing hues. They typically have a central
vortex and explode in complex color
harmonies.
The Synchromists avoided using atmospheric perspective or line, relying
solely on color and shape to express form. Macdonald-Wright and Russell
were among a number of avant-garde artists at work in the period
immediately before World War I who believed that realism in the visual
arts had long since reached a point of exhaustion and that, to be
meaningful in the modern world, painting needed to sever any ties to
older ideas about perspective and to literary or anecdotal content.

The earliest Synchromist works were similar to
Fauvist paintings. The multi-colored shapes of Synchromist paintings also loosely resembled those found in the
Orphism of Robert and Sonia Delaunay.
[4]
MacDonald-Wright insisted, however, that Synchromism was a unique art
form and "has nothing to do with Orphism and anybody who has read the
first catalogue of Synchromism ... would realize that we poked fun at
Orphism." The Synchromists' debts to Orphism remain a source of debate
among art historians. Their approach more clearly owed something to
Cubism. The Synchromists made use of the broken planes of the Cubists,
but their lavishly colored areas of paint sometimes looked, as the art
historian Abraham Davidson has described them, like "eddies of mist, the
droplets of which collect to form parts of a straining torso....To find
anything like this in American painting one has to wait for the
color-field canvases of Jules Olitski in the 1960s. All images courtesy
Wiki Images
A highlight of 2014 for
Hazel Home Art and Antiques was the acquisition and sale of this period Synchromist painting. It was only initialed and dated 1957 which is a bit late but it is still mid-century. 24 x 18, o/c. As you can see, it is almost completely non-representational with just hints of birds in the painting. The palette is heavily influenced by the works of MacDonald-Wright and Russell.